International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents
Volume 39, Issue 2 , Pages 96-104 , February 2012

New insights into meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pathogenesis, treatment and resistance

  • Ian M. Gould

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medical Microbiology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZN, UK
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +44 1224 554 954; fax: +44 1224 550 632.
    • ,
  • Michael Z. David

      Affiliations

    • Departments of Medicine, Health Studies, and Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
    • ,
  • Silvano Esposito

      Affiliations

    • Dipartimento di Medicina Pubblica Clinica e Preventiva, Sezione Malattie Infettive, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
    • ,
  • Javier Garau

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitari Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
    • ,
  • Gerard Lina

      Affiliations

    • Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Université Lyon, INSERM, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
    • ,
  • Teresita Mazzei

      Affiliations

    • Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, Florence, Italy
    • ,
  • Georg Peters

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Medical Microbiology, Münster, Germany

References 

  1. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control/European Medicines Agency (ECDC/EMEA). Technical report. The bacterial challenge: time to react. Stockholm, Sweden: ECDC/EMEA; 2009. http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/0909_TER_The_Bacterial_Challenge_Time_to_React.pdf [accessed 21.07.11].
  2. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Annual epidemiological report on communicable diseases in Europe 2009. Stockholm, Sweden: ECDC; 2010. http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/0910_SUR_Annual_Epidemiological_Report_on_Communicable_Diseases_in_Europe.pdf [accessed 14.06.11].
  3. de Kraker ME, Wolkewitz M, Davey PG, Koller W, Berger J, Nagler J, et al. Clinical impact of antimicrobial resistance in European hospitals: excess mortality and length of hospital stay related to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55:1598–1605
  4. Cosgrove SE, Sakoulas G, Perencevich EN, Schwaber MJ, Karchmer AW, Carmeli Y. Comparison of mortality associated with methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:53–59
  5. Shurland S, Zhan M, Bradham DD, Roghmann MC. Comparison of mortality risk associated with bacteremia due to methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007;28:273–279
  6. Athanassa Z, Siempos II, Falagas ME. Impact of methicillin resistance on mortality in Staphylococcus aureus VAP: a systematic review. Eur Respir J. 2008;28:625–632
  7. Skov RL, Jensen KS. Community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a cause of hospital-acquired infections. J Hosp Infect. 2009;73:364–370
  8. David MZ, Daum RS. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology and clinical consequences of an emerging epidemic. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010;23:616–687
  9. Valsesia G, Rossi M, Bertschy S, Pfyffer GE. Emergence of SCCmec type IV and SCCmec type V methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus containing the Panton–Valentine leukocidin genes in a large academic teaching hospital in central Switzerland: external invaders or persisting circulators?. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:720–727
  10. International Working Group on the Classification of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome Elements (IWG-SCC) . Classification of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec): guidelines for reporting novel SCCmec elements. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53:4961–4967
  11. McDougal LK, Fosheim GE, Nicholson A, Bulens SN, Limbago BM, Shearer JE, et al. Emergence of resistance among USA300 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates causing invasive disease in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54:3804–3811
  12. Li S, Skov RL, Han X, Larsen AR, Larsen J, Sørum M, et al. Novel types of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec elements identified in clonal complex 398 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55:3046–3050
  13. Garau J, Bouza E, Chastre J, Gudiol F, Harbarth S. Management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009;15:125–136
  14. Gould IM, Cauda R, Esposito S, Gudiol F, Mazzei T, Garau J. Management of serious meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: what are the limits?. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2011;37:202–209
  15. Kuehnert MJ, Kruszon-Moran D, Hill HA, McQuillan G, McAllister SK, Fosheim G, et al. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in the United States, 2001–2002. J Infect Dis. 2006;193:172–179
  16. Lina G, Piémont Y, Godail-Gamot F, Bes M, Peter MO, Gauduchon V, et al. Involvement of Panton–Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus in primary skin infections and pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29:1128–1132
  17. Gillet Y, Issartel B, Vanhems P, Fournet JC, Lina G, Bes M, et al. Association between Staphylococcus aureus strains carrying gene for Panton–Valentine leukocidin and highly lethal necrotising pneumonia in young immunocompetent patients. Lancet. 2002;359:753–759
  18. Bocchini CE, Hulten KG, Mason EO, Gonzalez BE, Hammerman WA, Kaplan SL. Panton–Valentine leukocidin genes are associated with enhanced inflammatory response and local disease in acute hematogenous Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis in children. Pediatrics. 2006;117:433–440
  19. Löffler B, Hussain M, Grundmeier M, Brück M, Holzinger D, Varga G, et al. Staphylococcus aureus Panton–Valentine leukocidin is a very potent cytotoxic factor for human neutrophils. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6:e1000715
  20. Lipinska U, Hermans K, Meulemans L, Dumitrescu O, Badiou C, Duchateau L, et al. Panton–Valentine leukocidin does play a role in the early stage of Staphylococcus aureus skin infections: a rabbit model. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e22864
  21. Crémieux AC, Dumitrescu O, Lina G, Vallee C, Côté JF, Muffat-Joly M, et al. Panton–Valentine leukocidin enhances the severity of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus rabbit osteomyelitis. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e7204
  22. Diep BA, Chan L, Tattevin P, Kajikawa O, Martin TR, Basuino L, et al. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes mediate Staphylococcus aureus Panton–Valentine leukocidin-induced lung inflammation and injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107:5587–5592
  23. Hirschhausen N, Schlesier T, Schmidt MA, Götz F, Peters G, Heilmann C. A novel staphylococcal internalization mechanism involves the major autolysin Atl and heat shock cognate protein Hsc70 as host cell receptor. Cell Microbiol. 2010;12:1746–1764
  24. Grundmeier M, Tuchscherr L, Brück M, Viemann D, Roth J, Willscher E, et al. Staphylococcal strains vary greatly in their ability to induce an inflammatory response in endothelial cells. J Infect Dis. 2010;201:871–880
  25. Tuchscherr L, Löffler B, Buzzola FR, Sordelli DO. Staphylococcus aureus adaptation to the host and persistence: role of loss of capsular polysaccharide expression. Future Microbiol. 2010;5:1823–1832
  26. Tuchscherr L, Medina E, Hussain M, Völker W, Heitmann V, Niemann S, et al. Staphylococcus aureus phenotype switching: an effective bacterial strategy to escape host immune response and establish a chronic infection. EMBO Mol Med. 2011;3:129–141
  27. Liu C, Bayer A, Cosgrove SE, Daum RS, Fridkin SK, Gorwitz RJ, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:e18–e55
  28. Gould FK, Brindle R, Chadwick PR, Fraise AP, Hill S, Nathwani D, et al. Guidelines (2008) for the prophylaxis and treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in the United Kingdom. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;63:849–861
  29. Falagas ME, Siempos II, Vardakas KZ. Linezolid versus glycopeptide or β-lactam for treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8:53–66
  30. Beibei L, Yun C, Mengli C, Nan B, Xuhong Y, Rui W. Linezolid versus vancomycin for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010;35:3–12
  31. Kalil AC, Murthy MH, Hermsen ED, Neto FK, Sun J, Rupp ME. Linezolid versus vancomycin or teicoplanin for nosocomial pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2010;38:1802–1808
  32. Walkey AJ, O’Donnell MR, Wiener RS. Linezolid vs glycopeptide antibiotics for the treatment of suspected methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nosocomial pneumonia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chest. 2011;139:1148–1155
  33. Kunkel M, Chastre JE, Kollef M, Niederman M, Shorr AF, Wunderink RG, et al. Linezolid vs vancomycin in the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia proven due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In: Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) 48th annual meeting. 21–24 October 2010, Vancouver, Canada. 2010;[Abstract LB-49]
  34. Dodds TJ, Hawke CI. Linezolid versus vancomycin for MRSA skin and soft tissue infections (systematic review and meta-analysis). ANZ J Surg. 2009;79:629–635
  35. Bounthavong M, Hsu DI. Efficacy and safety of linezolid in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) complicated skin and soft tissue infection (cSSTI): a meta-analysis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010;26:407–421
  36. Logman JF, Stephens J, Heeg B, Haider S, Cappelleri J, Nathwani D, et al. Comparative effectiveness of antibiotics for the treatment of MRSA complicated skin and soft tissue infections. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010;26:1565–1578
  37. Itani KM, Dryden MS, Bhattacharyya H, Kunkel MJ, Baruch AM, Weigelt JA. Efficacy and safety of linezolid versus vancomycin for the treatment of complicated skin and soft-tissue infections proven to be caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Am J Surg. 2010;199:804–816
  38. Novartis . Cubicin. Summary of product characteristics. Novartis; 2006;
  39. Rehm SJ, Boucher H, Levine D, Campion M, Eisenstein BI, Vigliani GA, et al. Daptomycin versus vancomycin plus gentamicin for treatment of bacteraemia and endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus: subset analysis of patients infected with methicillin-resistant isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;62:1413–1421
  40. Chaftari AM, Hachem R, Mulanovich V, Chemaly RF, Adachi J, Jacobson K, et al. Efficacy and safety of daptomycin in the treatment of Gram-positive catheter-related bloodstream infections in cancer patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010;36:182–186
  41. Seaton RA, Daptomycin: . rationale and role in the management of skin and soft tissue infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;62(Suppl. 3):iii15–iii23
  42. Moise PA, Hershberger E, Amodio-Groton MI, Lamp KC. Safety and clinical outcomes when utilizing high-dose (≥8mg/kg) daptomycin therapy. Ann Pharmacother. 2009;43:1211–1219
  43. Utili R, Dohmen P, Dailiana Z, Nacinovich F, Almirante B, Galloway A, et al. Evaluation of safety and tolerability of daptomycin doses ≥8mg/kg/day: results from 270 patients in the European Cubicin® Outcomes Registry and Experience (EU-COREsm). In: 21st European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ECCMID)/27th International Congress on Chemotherapy (ICC). 7–10 May 2011, Milan, Italy. 2011;[Abstract P1538]
  44. Bassetti M, Nicco E, Ginocchio F, Ansaldi F, de Florentiis D, Viscoli C. High-dose daptomycin in documented Staphylococcus aureus infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010;36:459–461
  45. Figueroa DA, Mangini E, Amodio-Groton M, Vardianos B, Melchert A, Fana C, et al. Safety of high-dose intravenous daptomycin treatment: three-year cumulative experience in a clinical program. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:177–180
  46. Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Inc. . Tygacil. Full prescribing information. Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Inc.; 2010;
  47. Wyeth Europa Ltd. . Tygacil. Summary of product characteristics. Wyeth Europa Ltd.; 2010;
  48. Freire AT, Melnyk V, Kim MJ, Datsenko O, Dzyublik O, Glumcher F, et al. Comparison of tigecycline with imipenem/cilastatin for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010;68:140–151
  49. Cai Y, Wang R, Liang B, Bai N, Liu Y. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness and safety of tigecycline for treatment of infectious disease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55:1162–1172
  50. European Medicines Agency (EMEA) . Questions and answers on the review of Tygacil (tigecycline). Outcome of a renewal procedure. London, UK: EMEA; 2011;[EMA/121925/2011] http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Medicine_QA/human/000644/WC500102228.pdf[accessed 21.07.11]
  51. Pfizer . Direct healthcare professional communication on increase in mortality in clinical trials of Tygacil® (tigecycline). Pfizer; 2011;
  52. Theravance Inc. . Vibativ® (telavancin) for injection, for intravenous use-initial U.S. approval: 2009. San Francisco, CA: Theravance Inc.; 2009;http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/022110s000lbl.pdf[accessed 27.07.11]
  53. Stryjewski ME, Graham DR, Wilson SE, O’Riordan W, Young D, Lentnek A, et al. Telavancin versus vancomycin for the treatment of complicated skin and skin-structure infections caused by Gram-positive organisms. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:1683–1693
  54. Rubinstein E, Lalani T, Corey GR, Kanafani ZA, Nannini EC, Rocha MG, et al. Telavancin versus vancomycin for hospital-acquired pneumonia due to Gram-positive pathogens. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:31–40
  55. Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) . Summary of opinion (initial authorisation): Vibativ–telavancin. European Medicines Agency; 19 May 2011;[EMA/CHMP/399709/2011] http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Summary_of_opinion_-_Initial_authorisation/human/001240/WC500106519.pdf[accessed 26.07.11]
  56. Forest Laboratories . Teflaro® prescribing information. Forest Laboratories; 2010;
  57. Corey GR, Wilcox MH, Talbot GH, Thye D, Friedland D, Baculik T. CANVAS 1 investigators. CANVAS 1, the first phase III, randomized, double-blind study evaluating ceftaroline fosamil for the treatment of patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65(Suppl. 4):iv41–iv51
  58. Wilcox MH, Corey GR, Talbot GH, Thye D, Friedland D, Baculik T. CANVAS 2 investigators. CANVAS 2, the second phase III, randomized, double-blind study evaluating ceftaroline fosamil for the treatment of patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65(Suppl. 4):iv53–iv65
  59. Corey GR, Wilcox M, Talbot GH, Friedland HD, Baculik T, Witherell GW, et al. Integrated analysis of CANVAS 1 and 2: phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind studies to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ceftaroline versus vancomycin plus aztreonam in complicated skin and skin-structure infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51:641–650
  60. European Medicines Agency . Questions and answers on the withdrawal of the marketing authorisation application for Ramvocid (oritavancin). London, UK: EMEA; 24 September 2009;[EMEA/554626/2009]
  61. Dunbar LM, Milata J, Fitzpatrick M, Larrison A, McClure T, Wasilewski MM. Efficacy of oritavancin at single or infrequent doses for the treatment of complicated skin and skin-structure infections (Abstract P1849). Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009;15(Suppl. 4):S537
  62. Lauderdale TL, Shiau YR, Lai JF, Chen HC, King CH. Comparative in vitro activities of nemonoxacin (TG-873870), a novel nonfluorinated quinolone, and other quinolones against clinical isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54:1338–1342
  63. Li CR, Li Y, Li GQ, Yang XY, Zhang WX, Lou RH, et al. In vivo antibacterial activity of nemonoxacin, a novel non-fluorinated quinolone. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65:2411–2415
  64. Hait H, Arbeit R, Molnar D, Noel GJ, Tanaka SK. In a phase 2 complicated skin and soft tissue infections (cSSTI) trial outcomes assessed early in the course of therapy were consistent with outcomes assessed 10–17 days after completing therapy for patients treated with either omadacycline (OMC; PTK796) or linezolid. In: 21st European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ECCMID)/27th International Congress of Chemotherapy (ICC). 7–11 May 2011, Milan, Italy. 2011;
  65. Schmitz GR, Bruner D, Pitotti R, Olderog C, Livengood T, Williams J, et al. Randomized controlled trial of trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole for uncomplicated skin abscesses in patients at risk for community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Ann Emerg Med. 2010;56:283–287
  66. Jung YJ, Koh Y, Hong SB, Chung JW, Ho Choi S, Kim NJ, et al. Effect of vancomycin plus rifampicin in the treatment of nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2010;38:175–180
  67. Rybak MJ, Lomaestro BM, Rotscahfer JC, Moellering RC, Craig WA, Billeter M, et al. Vancomycin therapeutic guidelines: a summary of consensus recommendations from the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:325–327
  68. Mendes RE, Deshpande LM, Castanheira M, DiPersio J, Saubolle MA, Jones RN. First report of cfr-mediated resistance to linezolid in human staphylococcal clinical isolates recovered in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52:2244–2246
  69. Jones T, Yeaman MR, Sakoulas G, Yang SJ, Proctor RA, Sahl HG, et al. Failures in clinical treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infection with daptomycin are associated with alterations in surface charge, membrane phospholipid asymmetry, and drug binding. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52:269–278
  70. Hawser SP, Bouchillon SK, Hoban DJ, Dowzicky M, Babinchak T. Rising incidence of Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin and susceptibility to antibiotics: a global analysis 2004–2009. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2011;37:219–224
  71. Sievert DM, Rudrik JT, Patel JB, McDonald LC, Wilkins MJ, Hageman JC. Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the United States, 2002–2006. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:668–674
  72. Finks J, Wells E, Dyke TL, Husain N, Plizga L, Heddurshetti R, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Michigan, USA 2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:943–945
  73. Saha B, Singh AK, Ghosh A, Bal M. Identification and characterization of a vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Kolkata (South Asia). J Med Microbiol. 2008;57:72–79
  74. Aligholi M, Emaneini M, Jabalameli F, Shahsavan S, Dabiri H, Sedaght H. Emergence of high-level vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran. Med Princ Pract. 2008;17:432–434
  75. Moise PA, Smyth DS, El-Fawal N, Robinson DA, Holden PN, Forrest A, et al. Microbiological effects of prior vancomycin use in patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;61:85–90
  76. Soriano A, Marco F, Martínez JA, Pisos E, Almela M, Dimova VP, et al. Influence of vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration on the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:193–200
  77. Musta AC, Riederer K, Shemes S, Chase P, Jose J, Johnson LB, et al. Vancomycin MIC plus heteroresistance and outcome of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: trends over 11 years. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47:1640–1644
  78. Khatib R, Jose J, Musta A, Sharma M, Fakih MG, Johnson LB, et al. Relevance of vancomycin-intermediate susceptibility and heteroresistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66:1594–1599
  79. van Hal SJ, Paterson DL. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the significance of heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55:405–410
  80. Thomson AH, Staatz CE, Tobin CM, Gall M, Lovering AM. Development and evaluation of vancomycin dosage guidelines designed to achieve new target concentrations. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;63:1050–1057
  81. Berthoin K, Ampe E, Tulkens PM, Carryn S. Correlation between free and total vancomycin serum concentrations in patients treated for Gram-positive infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009;34:555–560
  82. Gould IM. Clinical activity of anti-Gram-positive agents against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(Suppl. 4):iv17–iv21
  83. Meka VG, Gold HS. Antimicrobial resistance to linezolid. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:1010–1015
  84. Sánchez García M, De la Torre MA, Morales G, Peláez B, Tolón MJ, Domingo S, et al. Clinical outbreak of linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an intensive care unit. JAMA. 2010;303:2260–2264
  85. Morales G, Picazo JJ, Baos E, Candel FJ, Arribi A, Peláez B, et al. Resistance to linezolid is mediated by the cfr gene in the first report of an outbreak of linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:821–825
  86. Camargo IL, Neoh HM, Cui L, Hiramatsu K. Serial daptomycin selection generates daptomycin-nonsusceptible Staphylococcus aureus strains with a heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate phenotype. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52:4289–4299
  87. Mishra NN, Yang SJ, Sawa A, Rubio A, Nast CC, Yeaman MR, et al. Analysis of cell membrane characteristics of in vitro-selected daptomycin-resistant strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53:2312–2318
  88. Sader HS, Becker HK, Moet GJ, Jones RN. Antimicrobial activity of daptomycin tested against Staphylococcus aureus with vancomycin MIC of 2g/mL isolated in the United States and European hospitals (2006–2008). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010;66:329–331
  89. Kelley PG, Gao W, Ward PB, Howden BP. Daptomycin non-susceptibility in vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) and heterogeneous-VISA (hVISA): implications for therapy after vancomycin treatment failure. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66:1057–1060
  90. Fowler VG, Boucher HW, Corey GR, Abrutyn E, Karchmer AW, Rupp ME, et al. Daptomycin versus standard therapy for bacteremia and endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:653–665
  91. Cui L, Tominaga E, Neoh HM, Hiramatsu K. Correlation between reduced daptomycin susceptibility and vancomycin resistance in vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50:1079–1082
  92. Patel JB, Jevitt LA, Hageman J, McDonald LC, Tenover FC. An association between reduced susceptibility to daptomycin and reduced susceptibility to vancomycin in Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:1652–1653
  93. Sakoulas G, Alder J, Thauvin-Eliopoulos C, Moellering RC, Eliopoulos GM. Induction of daptomycin heterogeneous susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus by exposure to vancomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50:1581–1585
  94. Yang SJ, Nast CC, Mishra NN, Yeaman MR, Fey PD, Bayer AS. Cell wall thickening is not a universal accompaniment of the daptomycin nonsusceptibility phenotype in Staphylococcus aureus: evidence for multiple resistance mechanisms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54:3079–3085
  95. Gonzalez-Ruiz A, Beiras-Fernandez A, Lehmkuhl H, Seaton RA, Loeffler J, Chaves RL. Clinical experience with daptomycin in Europe: the first 2.5 years. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66:912–919
  96. Sakoulas G, Brown J, Lamp KC, Friedrich LV, Lindfield KC. Clinical outcomes of patients receiving daptomycin for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections and assessment of clinical factors for daptomycin failure: a retrospective cohort study utilizing the Cubicin Outcomes Registry and Experience. Clin Ther. 2009;31:1936–1945
  97. Mangili A, Bica I, Snydman DR, Hamer DH. Daptomycin-resistant, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:1058–1060
  98. Enoch DA, Phillimore N, Karas JA, Horswill L, Mlangeni DA. Relapse of enterococcal prosthetic valve endocarditis with aortic root abscess following treatment with daptomycin in a patient not fit for surgery. J Med Microbiol. 2010;59:482–485
  99. Jacobson LM, Milstone AM, Zenilman J, Carroll KC, Arav-Boger R. Daptomycin therapy failure in an adolescent with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28:445–447
  100. van Hal SJ, Paterson DL, Gosbell IB. Emergence of daptomycin resistance following vancomycin-unresponsive Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in a daptomycin-naïve patient – a review of the literature. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011;30:603–610
  101. Boyle-Vavra S, Jones M, Gourley BL, Holmes M, Ruf R, Balsam AR, et al. Comparative genome sequencing of an isogenic pair of USA800 clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained before and after daptomycin treatment failure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55:2018–2025

☆ This review is based on discussions held at the International Society of Chemotherapy (ISC) MRSA Consensus Meeting, 15–16 March 2011, Florence, Italy.

PII: S0924-8579(11)00459-6

doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.09.028

International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents
Volume 39, Issue 2 , Pages 96-104 , February 2012

Article Tools